Europe’s Population is Adapting Better to Cold Than To Heat, Study Shows

A Study Led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (Isglobal) has Shown That Europe has adapted Better to Low Temperatures Than to High Temperatures Over the Last Two Decades.

The Research, Caried Out in Collaboration with the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) and Published in The Lancet Planetary Healthshows that there has ben a significant decrease in cold-relanted mortality risk in recent years compared to the first decade of the 2000s. There has also been a reduction in the risk of heat-related deaths over this period, Although to a Lesser Extent.

By Analyzing Temperature and Mortality Records From Over 800 Regions in 35 European Countries for the Period 2003-2020, The Researchers Found that the Relative Risk of Death at the Lowest Temperatures Fell by 2% Per Year. On the other hand, the Relative Risk of Death at the Highest Temperatures Also DECREASED, but at the Lower Averag Rate of 1% per year.

New Approach to Account to Regional Differences

Traditionally, Studies of This Type Have Relied on Fixed Tempeature Thresholds to Calculate Risks, Without Taking Into Account That the Vulnerability to Identical Temperatures is not the same in all parts of Europe. To overcome this limit, The Team Developed a New Concept: Extreme-Risk Tempeature (ERT).

By cross-referencing regional temperature and mortality date, this new approach made it possible to calculate the temperature at Which the Risk of Death exceeds a certainin threshold for each geographical area. The Researchers Also Took Into Account Variations in Mortality to Reflect Adaptations to Temperature Over Time.

Using This Methodology, The Team Observed that in the Period 2003–2020, Europe Experienced 2.07 Less Dangerously Cold Days (Cold-Ert Days) Eac Year. On the Contray, The Dangerously Hot Days (Heat-Dert Days) Increured by 0.28 days per year.

Interestingly, Not All Parts of Europe Were Affected the Same Way. Example, Southeastern European Regions, Rapping Their Warmer Conditions, Had More Dangerous Heat and Cold Days That Caused A Higher Risk of Associated Mortality.

“We Have Becoma Better at Coping with Cold Tem Tempts Over Time – Process Known in Science as ‘Adaptation.’ For Hot Weather, People Are Also Becoming Resilient, Thought this improvement is less so the adaptation to Cold, “Says Zhao-Yue Chen, Isglobal Researcher and First Author of the Study.

“The Vulnerability to Extreme Temperatures Varies Widely Across Different Locations, With Regional In Southern Europe Being More Sensitive to Temperature Changes Than Those in Northern Europe. This disparity is partially due to socioeconomic factors, including inadequate Housing insulation, lower public public Health Expecture and Limited Access to Social Support or Assistance for Vulnerable Population, “Zhao-Yue Chen Adds.

“Our Results Show That, While Europe has Made Remarkable Progress in Adapting to Cold, The Strategies to Cope with Heat-Relanted Mortality Have Been Less Effective,” Says Joan Ballester Claramunt, Isglobal Research and Senior Author of the Study.

“A 2024 Survey Revealed that Only 20 Oct of 38 European Countries have implemented temperature surveillance Systems, and 17 country nottill from not have heat-health action (Hhaps). OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE NEED FOR PROGRESS IN CURRENT HEAT ADAPTATION MEASURES AND Heat-Health Action Plans.

“At the Same Time, The Observed Spatial Trushes Underscore the Need for Regional Specific Strategies to Protect Vulnerable Populations.”

Combined Effects of Temperature and Air POLLATION

The Team also Looked at How Often Extreme-Risk Temperatures Happened on Days With Pollution Levels Above The World Health Organization (Who) Recommended Limits. The Co-Currence of These Two Events, Known as “Compound Days”, Happened on 60% of Heat-Dert Days and 65% of Cold-Dert Days.

Over Time, These Combination Days Have Been Decreasing Exception for the Combination of Dangerously Hot Days and High Levels of Ozone (O₃) POLLATION, WHICH INCREASED AT THE RATE OF 0.26 DAYS PER YEAR.

Ozone is a Secondary POLLUTANT FORMED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AS A RESULT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN other Gases and Solar Radiation.

“The Global Warming Intensifies, Combined Heat and Ozone Episodes are becoming an inevitable and pressing concier for Europe. We need to consider compound days and develoop strategies to tackle puckets such as ozone, gause the health impacts of extreme temperatures and air pollution are not Completely Independent. There is an interaction Between Them That Can Amplify Adverse Health Effects, “Says Zhao-Yue Chen.

The Study Has Been Caried Out in the Context of the Early-Adapt Project And Aimed at Studying How Population Are Adapting to the Public Health Challenges Triggered by Climate Change.